What are the various threats in e-commerce ? How can these threats be counter measured ?

Details of some threats in e-commerce are as given: Intellectual property threats: This involves using existing materials found on the Internet without the owner's permission, e.g., music downloading, domain name (cyber squatting), software pirating. Client computer threats: This involves spying software like Trojan horses, or other computer software attacks like Active contents, Viruses, etc. Communication channel threats: This includes Sniffer programs, Backdoors, Spoofing, and Denial-of-service attacks, etc. Server threats: This covers Privilege setting, Server Side Include (SSI), Common Gateway Interface (CGI) vulnerabilities, File transfer vulnerabilities, Spamming, etc. A countermeasure is a procedure that recognizes, reduces, or eliminates a threat. The countermeasures adopted for different types of E-commerce threats are discussed below: Intellectual property protection: Through Legislation & Authentication. Client computer protection: Through Cookie blockers, Digital certificates, Browser protection, Antivirus software, Computer forensics experts, etc. Communication channel protection: Through the use of Encryption, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP), Digital signatures, etc. Server protection: Through Access control and authentication, Digital signatures from users, Usernames and passwords, Access control lists, Firewalls, etc.