Under what circumstances may the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) order an investigation of a company under S. 213 of the Cos. Act, 2013? What is the security, if any, required to be provided by the applicants toward

As per section 213 of the Companies Act, 2013, the Tribunal may- (a) on an application made by- not less than one hundred members or members holding not less than one-tenth of the total voting power, in the case of a company having a share capital; or not less than one-fifth of the persons on the company's register of members, in the case of a company having no share capital, and supported by such evidence as may be necessary for the purpose of showing that the applicants have good reasons for seeking an order for conducting an investigation into the affairs of the company; or (b) on an application made to it by any other person or otherwise, if it is satisfied that there are circumstances suggesting that- the business of the company is being conducted with intent to defraud its creditors, members or any other person or otherwise for a fraudulent or unlawful purpose, or in a manner oppressive to any of its members or that the company was formed for any fraudulent or unlawful purpose; persons concerned in the formation of the company or the management of its affairs have in connection therewith been guilty of fraud, misfeasance or other misconduct towards the company or towards any of its members; or the members of the company have not been given all the information with respect to its affairs which they might reasonably expect, including information relating to the calculation of the commission payable to a managing or other director, or the manager, of the company, order, after giving a reasonable opportunity of being heard to the parties concerned, that the affairs of the company ought to be investigated by an inspector or inspectors appointed by the Central Government. Provided that if after investigation it is proved that- the business of the company is being conducted with intent to defraud its creditors, members or any other persons or otherwise for a fraudulent or unlawful purpose, or that the company was formed for any fraudulent or unlawful purpose; or any person concerned in the formation of the company or the management of its affairs have in connection therewith been guilty of fraud, then, every officer of the company who is in default and the person or persons concerned in the formation of the company or the management of its affairs shall be punishable for fraud in the manner as provided in section 447. The Central Government may require the applicants to provide a security, towards the costs and expenses of the investigation as shown below: Turnover of the company as per last Balance Sheet Amount of security Up to ₹50 crores ₹10,000/- More than ₹50 crores but less than ₹200 crores ₹15,000/- Exceeding ₹200 crores ₹25,000/- The security shall be refunded if the investigation results in prosecution.