In spite of the advantages of using a Database Management System (DBMS), there are a few situations or circumstances in which use of regular files is more desirable than DBMS. Write down such circumstances.

In spite of the advantages of using a Database management system (DBMS), there are few situations in which such a system may involve unnecessary overhead costs, as that would not be incurred in traditional file processing. The overhead costs of using a DBMS are due to the following: High initial investment in hardware, software, and training Generality that a DBMS provides for defining and processing data Overhead for providing security, concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions. Additional problems may arise, if the database designers and DBA do not properly design the database or if the database systems applications are not implemented properly. Hence, it may be more desirable to use regular files under the following circumstances: The database and applications are simple, well defined and not expected to change. There are tight real-time requirements for some programs that may not be met because of DBMS overhead. Multiple user access to data is not required. An application may need to manipulate the data in a way not supported by the query language. Migrating the data is an easy process in traditional file processing.