Write notes on the following : (i) Pre-incorporation contracts and ratification thereof.

Companies Act, 2013 does not contain any provisions about Promoter's Contract. The promoters of a company usually enter into contracts to acquire some property or right for the company which is yet to be incorporated, such contracts are called preliminary or pre-incorporation contracts. The promoters generally enter into such contracts as agents for the company about to be formed. The legal position is that since presence of two consenting parties is necessary for a contract, and the company before incorporation is a non-entity, thus the promoters cannot act as agents for the company, which has yet to come into existence. As such, the company is not liable for the acts of the promoters done before its incorporation. When the company comes into existence, it is not bound by the pre-incorporation contracts even when it takes the benefit of the work done on its behalf. However, specific performance of a contract between a third party and the promoters may be successfully claimed by the third party against the company, when the company enters into possession of the property on the faith of the promoters' contract. Similarly, the company, after incorporation, cannot enforce any contract made before its incorporation, which means the company cannot sue the other party to the contract if the other party fails to carry out the contract. Promoters remain personally liable on the contract. A company also cannot ratify a contract entered into by the promoters on its behalf before its incorporation. Therefore, it cannot by adoption or ratification obtain the benefit of the contract purporting to have been made on its behalf before it came into existence, as ratification by the company when formed is legally impossible.