What is Berne Convention? Explain the basic principles that determine the minimum protection under Berne Convention.

Berne Convention: The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886) is an international treaty that sets the foundation for copyright protection across member countries. It was established to ensure that authors receive automatic copyright protection in all signatory nations without requiring separate registration. The principles include: Works created in one member country must receive the same protection in all other member countries as granted to domestic works. Copyright protection is automatic and does not require registration or formalities. Independence of Protection: Protection is independent of whether the work is protected in its country of origin. Ensure automatic protection of works without formalities. Guarantee minimum rights to authors worldwide. Prevent discrimination between domestic and foreign authors. Promote international recognition of creative works. Basic Principles Determining Minimum Protection Under the Berne Convention The Berne Convention serves as the foundation for international copyright law, influencing treaties like the TRIPS Agreement and WIPO Copyright Treaty. It aims to harmonize copyright laws across nations. Any limitation to copyright must: (i) apply to special cases, (ii) not conflict with normal exploitation, and (iii) not unreasonably prejudice the author's interests. Authors have moral rights to claim authorship and object to distortion or modification of their work. Exclusive Rights of Authors - Authors have exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, translate, and adapt their works. Right of Translation (Article 8) - Authors hold the right to authorize or prohibit translations of their works. Right of Public Performance (Article 11) - Authors control the performance and broadcast of their works