Gupta Publishers Ltd. has been incorporated recently and the Articles of Association of the company contain the provisions for entrenchment under section 5(3) of the Companies Act, 2013. Elucidate the provisions of entre

The Companies Act, 2013 recognizes an interesting concept of entrenchment. According to Section 5(3), the Articles may contain provisions for entrenchment to the effect that specified provisions of the Articles may be altered only if conditions or procedures that are more restrictive than those applicable in the case of a special resolution, are met or overall complied with. Essentially, the entrenchment provisions allow for certain clauses in the Articles to be amended upon satisfaction of certain conditions or restrictions greater than those prescribed under the Companies Act, 2013 (such as obtaining 100% consent). This provision acts as a protection to the minority shareholders and is of specific interest to the investment community. This shall empower the enforcement of any pre-agreed rights and provide greater certainty to investors, especially in joint ventures. Further, Section 5(4) prescribed that the provisions for entrenchment referred to in section 5(3) shall only be made either on formation of a company, or by an amendment in the Articles agreed to by all the members of the company in the case of a private company and by a special resolution in the case of a public company. As per Section 5(5), where the Articles contain provisions for entrenchment, whether made on formation or by amendment, the company shall give notice to the Registrar of such provisions in such form and manner as may be prescribed. According to Rule 10 of the Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014, where the Articles contain the provisions for entrenchment, the company shall give notice to the Registrar of such provisions in SPICe+ (Simplified Proforma for Incorporating company Electronically Plus: INC-32) as the case may be, along with the fee as provided in the Companies (Registration offices and fees) Rules, 2014 at the time of incorporation of the company or in case of existing companies, the same shall be filed in Form No.MGT.14 within thirty days from the date of entrenchment of the Articles, as the case may be, along with the fee as provided in the Companies (Registration offices and fees) Rules, 2014.